YEAR

                                                             EVENT

1889

Jesse B. Davis established first school guidance program

1901

Civic Service House established in Boston to provide educational program

1905

Frank Parsons established Breadwinner’s College at Civic Service House

1908

Vocational Guidance Bureau founded to provide organized vocational guidance

1909

“Choosing a Vocation” by Parsons published; known as “Father of Guidance”

1910

First national conference on vocational guidance held

1912

Musterberg wrote “Psychology and Industrial Efficiency” & focused on usage of psychological testing / selection techniques that led to establishment of industrial psychology

1913

National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) founded (now NCDA)

1900-1940

Wilheim Wundt (German) established first experimental lab in psychology; known for standardization procedures that became models for developing standardized tests

James Catell became interested in individual differences and coined term “mental test”

First intelligence test by Binet and Simon known as Binet-Simon Scale

Termen of Stanford University worked with Binet on revision and published Standford-Binet with introduction of term “intelligence quotient” which contributed to popularity of testing (previously measured skulls to measure); Test was biased because used with immigrants who had little or no command of English language

Yerkes directed development of first group intelligence test

Otis developed the Army Alpha and Army Beta Test to assess abilities for men in WWI; after the war, these two tests became available to counselors and general public (Beta was a visual test for those who couldn’t read or write)

In 1941, ACES (Association for Counselor Educators and Supervisors) was created

1917

Smith-Hughes Act established federal grants for nationwide vocational education

1927

Strong published first edition of his interest inventory “The Strong Vocational Interest Blank” used to measure interest constructed from responses of individuals in particular occupations

Hull published “Aptitude Testing” publication focused on vocational guidance with emphasis on his concept of matching human traits with job requirements

1930-1935

Period of HIGH unemployment (Depression) so country responded

1)     In 1933 – Wagner-Peyser Act established U. S. Employment Service

2)     In 1933 – Civilian Conservation Corps created

3)     In 1935 – Works Progress Administration established

1938

First edition of “Mental Measurement Yearbook” published

1939

1^st edition of “Dictionary of Occupational Titles” published by U. S. Employment Services

Jewish Occupational Council established to conduct counseling, placement, and rehabilitation services for Jewish immigrants; this established a model for deliveryof career guidance programs at that time

1939

ACES began

1939

Williamson’s How to Counsel Students” published with 6 sequential steps which became known as “Directive Counseling” (matched traits to job requirements)

Army created personal and testing division to classify recruits

1940

Army General Classification Test (AGCT) produced; principle general-ability test used by armed services during WWII (currently known as ASVAB)

1942

Carl Roger’s wrote “Counseling and Psychotherapy” his method became known as “non-directive counseling” or “client-centered counseling” (focus on affective and motivational behavior must be included); first major breach from Parson’s straightforward approach

1944

Veterans Administration established career guidance centers across country – many on college and university campuses

1945

After WWII, significant college / university enrolment increase created wide use of College Entrance Examination Boards and American College Testing Program (ACT)

1948

Educational Testing Service (ETS) formed as move to centralize test publication

Early 1950s

Career development and occupational choice theories were landmarks in development of and greater interest in career guidance practices (Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herman in 1951; Roe in 1956; and Super in 1957)

1952

National Association of Guidance and Counselor Trainers (NAGCT), National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA), American College Personnel Association (ACPA), and Association for Humanistic Education and Development (AHEAD) formed American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) (now known as ACA)

1953

ASCA (American School Counselors Association) became 5^th division of APGA

1958

American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA) became 6^th division of APGA

National Defense Education Act funds appropriated as result of Russian space program (Sputnik) so counselors could encourage talented students with leadership abilities to go to college; drastically changed school counseling (see Gladding p. 14)

1959

ACES began 5-year project to set standards

1964

First standards adopted by ACES for trial period – established full-time two-year program

1967

ACES officially adopted standards for preparation of secondary school counselors

Manual for self-study prepared and distributed at Dallas National Convention (this was the same standards used by ACES and CACREP as beginning foundation for accreditation)

1968

Standards for Preparation of Elementary School Counselors established

1969

Guidelines for Graduate Programs in Student Personnel Work in Higher Education

1971-72

Committee appointed by ACES to merge 3 (1967, 1968, 1969) documents for use with all counseling and specialty preparation programs

Mid-60s - 70s

Federal legislation resulted in creation of community counseling positions

1973

ACES in Wisconsin & California develop accreditation standards for their counseling education program

“Standards for the Preparation of Counselors and Other Personnel Services Specialists” adopted by ACES targeted primarily for master’s level programs

1974

Board of Directors of APGA adopted a position to pursue the establishment of licensure of professional counselors in all states

1975

APGA Senate adopted the Board of Directors’ resolution

First APGA Licensure Commission appointed

1976

Virginia passed first (and only) professional counselor licensure

Publication of an action packet by the APGA Licensure Commission which contains guidelines for legislative change, background information on the Commission and ways to use the guidelines with educational groups

National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee (NOICC) established by Congress to develop occupational information, assist states and users of information, and provide labor market information for needs of youth

1977

“Guidelines for Doctoral Preparation in Counselor Education” approved by ACES

ACES membership approved report to establish ACES Committee on Accreditation; this committee was charged with responsible for conducting pilot for accreditation of counselor education programs

1978

ACES began reviewing and accrediting counselor education programs at master’s, specialist, and doctoral levels with 1973 standards

“Guidelines for Doctoral Preparation in Counselor Education” published

ACES Committee on Accreditation established and functioned until CACREP was established in 1981

1979

ACES adopted combined guide and it is reviewed every 7 years

Standards renamed to “Standards for Advanced Preparation (Doctoral) in Counselor Education”

First on-site visits made by ACES Committee on Accreditation

1981

APGA Board of Directors formally assumed responsibility for ACES Accrediting Body at St. Louis Convention and Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) began

Decision to include phrase “Related Educational Programs” because of strong influence by college student personnel, rehabilitation specialists, and AAMFT programs; Purpose: so all could be included and consolidated into cost-efficient accrediting body

1967 ACES standard, “Manual for Self-Study,” was used as guideline for self-study portion of CCREP accreditation procedures and for training

1982

CACREP produced completed manual

First site evaluations team training meetings held at Detroit National Convention

First 6 institutions had on-site visits

1983

National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) was formed; purpose was to certify counselors on a national level

APGA changed name to American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD)

1983-84

NBCC Developed and standardized test that defined eight major subject areas of required counselor knowledge

1985

Examinees required to pass the standardized test plus meet experiential and character reference qualifications to become known as National Certified Counselor (NCE)

1989-94

Study and standardization process for addition of further classification of NCE into 5 work behavior characteristics

1990s

Managed health care organizations increased and independent counselor practitioners decreased as did the number of their counseling sessions

1992

AACD changed its name to American Counseling Association (ACA)

1995

First administration of NCE with 8 CACREP and 5 work behavior classifications

1999

There were 17 Divisions under the ACA structure